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<chapter id="jpa_overview_emfactory">
    <title>
        EntityManagerFactory
    </title>
    <indexterm zone="jpa_overview_emfactory">
        <primary>
            EntityManagerFactory
        </primary>
    </indexterm>
    <mediaobject>
        <imageobject>
            <!-- PNG image data, 418 x 274 (see README) -->
            <imagedata fileref="img/entitymanagerfactory.png" width="279px"/>
            
        </imageobject>
    </mediaobject>
    <para>
The <classname>EntityManagerFactory</classname> creates <classname>
EntityManager</classname> instances for application use.
    </para>
    <note>
        <para>
OpenJPA extends the standard <classname>EntityManagerFactory</classname>
interface with the
<ulink url="../javadoc/org/apache/openjpa/persistence/OpenJPAEntityManagerFactory.html">
<classname>OpenJPAEntityManagerFactory</classname></ulink> to provide additional
functionality.
        </para>
    </note>
    <section id="jpa_overview_emfactory_obtain">
        <title>
            Obtaining an EntityManagerFactory
        </title>
        <indexterm zone="jpa_overview_emfactory_obtain">
            <primary>
                EntityManagerFactory
            </primary>
            <secondary>
                construction
            </secondary>
        </indexterm>
        <indexterm>
            <primary>
                Java Connector Architecture
            </primary>
            <see>
                JCA
            </see>
        </indexterm>
        <indexterm>
            <primary>
                JCA
            </primary>
        </indexterm>
        <para>
Within a container, you will typically use <emphasis>injection</emphasis> to
access an <classname>EntityManagerFactory</classname>. There are, however,
alternative mechanisms for <classname>EntityManagerFactory</classname>
construction.
        </para>
        <para>
Some vendors may supply public constructors for their <classname>
EntityManagerFactory</classname> implementations, but we recommend using the
Java Connector Architecture (JCA) in a managed environment, or the <classname>
Persistence</classname> class' <methodname>createEntityManagerFactory
</methodname> methods in an unmanaged environment, as described in
<xref linkend="jpa_overview_persistence"/>. These strategies allow
vendors to pool factories, cutting down on resource utilization.
        </para>
        <para>
        <indexterm>
            <primary>
                JNDI
            </primary>
        </indexterm>
JPA allows you to create and configure an <classname>
EntityManagerFactory</classname>, then store it in a Java Naming and Directory 
Interface (JNDI) tree for later retrieval and use.
        </para>
    </section>
    <section id="jpa_overview_emfactory_em">
        <title>
            Obtaining EntityManagers
        </title>
        <indexterm zone="jpa_overview_emfactory_em">
            <primary>
                EntityManager
            </primary>
            <secondary>
                obtaining
            </secondary>
            <seealso>
                EntityManagerFactory
            </seealso>
        </indexterm>
        <indexterm zone="jpa_overview_emfactory_em">
            <primary>
                EntityManagerFactory
            </primary>
            <secondary>
                obtaining EntityManagers
            </secondary>
        </indexterm>
<programlisting>
public EntityManager createEntityManager();
public EntityManager createEntityManager(Map map);
</programlisting>
        <para>
The two <methodname>createEntityManager</methodname> methods above create a new
<classname>EntityManager</classname> each time they are invoked. The optional
<classname>Map</classname> is used to supply vendor-specific settings. If you
have configured your implementation for JTA transactions and a JTA transaction
is active, the returned <classname>EntityManager</classname> will be 
synchronized with that transaction.
        </para>
        <note>
            <para>
OpenJPA recognizes the following string keys in the map supplied to <methodname>
createEntityManager</methodname>:
            </para>
            <itemizedlist>
                <listitem>
                    <para>
<literal>openjpa.ConnectionUserName</literal>
                    </para>
                </listitem>
                <listitem>
                    <para>
<literal>openjpa.ConnectionPassword</literal>
                    </para>
                </listitem>
                <listitem>
                    <para>
<literal>openjpa.ConnectionRetainMode</literal>
                    </para>
                </listitem>
                <listitem>
                    <para>
<literal>openjpa.TransactionMode</literal>
                    </para>
                </listitem>
                <listitem>
                    <para>
<literal>openjpa.&lt;property&gt;</literal>, where <emphasis>&lt;property&gt;
</emphasis> is any JavaBean property of the
<ulink url="../javadoc/org/apache/openjpa/persistence/OpenJPAEntityManager.html">
<classname>
org.apache.openjpa.persistence.OpenJPAEntityManager</classname></ulink>.
                    </para>
                </listitem>
            </itemizedlist>
            <para>
The last option uses reflection to configure any property of OpenJPA's
<classname>EntityManager</classname> implementation with the value supplied in
your map. The first options correspond exactly to the same-named OpenJPA
configuration keys described in <xref linkend="ref_guide_conf"/> of the
Reference Guide.
            </para>
        </note>
    </section>
    <section id="jpa_overview_emfactory_perscontext">
        <title>
            Persistence Context
        </title>
        <indexterm zone="jpa_overview_emfactory_perscontext">
            <primary>
                persistence context
            </primary>
        </indexterm>
        <indexterm>
            <primary>
                PersistenceContextType
            </primary>
            <see>
                persistence context
            </see>
        </indexterm>
        <para>
A persistence context is a set of entities such that for any persistent identity
there is a unique entity instance. Within a persistence context, entities are
<emphasis>managed</emphasis>. The <classname> EntityManager</classname> controls
their lifecycle, and they can access datastore resources.
        </para>
        <para>
When a persistence context ends, previously-managed entities become <emphasis>
detached</emphasis>. A detached entity is no longer under the control of the
<classname>EntityManager</classname>, and no longer has access to datastore
resources. We discuss detachment in detail in
<xref linkend="jpa_overview_em_lifecycle"/>. For now, it is sufficient to
know that detachment has two obvious consequences:
        </para>
        <orderedlist>
            <listitem>
                <para>
The detached entity cannot load any additional persistent state.
                </para>
            </listitem>
            <listitem>
                <para>
The <classname>EntityManager</classname> will not return the detached entity
from <methodname>find</methodname>, nor will queries include the detached
entity in their results. Instead, <methodname>find</methodname> method
invocations and query executions that would normally incorporate the detached
entity will create a new managed entity with the same identity.
                </para>
            </listitem>
        </orderedlist>
        <note>
            <para>
OpenJPA offers several features related to detaching entities. See
<xref linkend="ref_guide_detach"/> in the Reference Guide.
<xref linkend="ref_guide_detach_graph"/> in particular describes how to
use the <literal>DetachState</literal> setting to boost the performance of
merging detached entities.
            </para>
        </note>
        <para>
Injected <classname>EntityManager</classname>s have a <emphasis>transaction
</emphasis> persistence context,
while <classname> EntityManager</classname>s obtained through the
<classname>EntityManagerFactory</classname> have an <emphasis>extended
</emphasis> persistence context. We describe these persistence context types
below.
        </para>
        <section id="jpa_overview_emfactory_perscontext_trans">
            <title>
                Transaction Persistence Context
            </title>
            <para>
Under the transaction persistence context model, an <classname> EntityManager
</classname> begins a new persistence context with each transaction, and ends
the context when the transaction commits or rolls back. Within the transaction,
entities you retrieve through the <classname>EntityManager</classname> or via
<classname>Queries</classname> are managed entities. They can access datastore
resources to lazy-load additional persistent state as needed, and only one
entity may exist for any persistent identity.
            </para>
            <para>
When the transaction completes, all entities lose their association with the
<classname>EntityManager</classname> and become detached. Traversing a
persistent field that wasn't already loaded now has undefined results. And using
the <classname> EntityManager</classname> or a <classname>Query</classname> to
retrieve additional objects may now create new instances with the same
persistent identities as detached instances.
            </para>
            <para>
If you use an <classname>EntityManager</classname> with a transaction
persistence context model outside of an active transaction, each method
invocation creates a new persistence context, performs the method action, and
ends the persistence context. For example, consider using the <methodname>
EntityManager.find</methodname> method outside of a transaction. The <classname>
EntityManager</classname> will create a temporary persistence context, perform
the find operation, end the persistence context, and return the detached result
object to you. A second call with the same id will return a second detached
object.
            </para>
            <para>
When the next transaction begins, the <classname>EntityManager</classname> will
begin a new persistence context, and will again start returning managed
entities. As you'll see in <xref linkend="jpa_overview_em"/>, you can
also merge the previously-detached entities back into the new persistence
context.
            </para>
            <example id="jpa_overview_emfactory_perscontext_transex">
                <title>
                    Behavior of Transaction Persistence Context
                </title>
                <para>
The following code illustrates the behavior of entities under an <classname>
EntityManager</classname> using a transaction persistence context.
                </para>
<programlisting>
EntityManager em; // injected
...

// outside a transaction:

// each operation occurs in a separate persistence context, and returns 
// a new detached instance
Magazine mag1 = em.find(Magazine.class, magId);
Magazine mag2 = em.find(Magazine.class, magId);
assertTrue(mag2 != mag1);
...

// transaction begins:

// within a transaction, a subsequent lookup doesn't return any of the
// detached objects.  however, two lookups within the same transaction
// return the same instance, because the persistence context spans the
// transaction
Magazine mag3 = em.find(Magazine.class, magId);
assertTrue(mag3 != mag1 &amp;&amp; mag3 != mag2);
Magazine mag4 = em.find(Magazine.class, magId);
assertTrue(mag4 == mag3);
...

// transaction commits:

// once again, each operation returns a new instance
Magazine mag5 = em.find(Magazine.class, magId);
assertTrue(mag5 != mag3);
</programlisting>
            </example>
        </section>
        <section id="jpa_overview_emfactory_perscontext_extend">
            <title>
                Extended Persistence Context
            </title>
            <para>
An <classname>EntityManager</classname> using an extended persistence context
maintains the same persistence context for its entire lifecycle. Whether inside
a transaction or not, all entities returned from the <classname>EntityManager
</classname> are managed, and the <classname>EntityManager</classname> never
creates two entity instances to represent the same persistent identity. Entities
only become detached when you finally close the <classname>EntityManager
</classname> (or when they are serialized).
            </para>
            <example id="jpa_overview_emfactory_perscontext_extendex">
                <title>
                    Behavior of Extended Persistence Context
                </title>
                <para>
The following code illustrates the behavior of entities under an <classname>
EntityManager</classname> using an extended persistence context.
                </para>
<programlisting>
EntityManagerFactory emf = ...
EntityManager em = emf.createEntityManager();

// persistence context active for entire life of EM, so only one entity
// for a given persistent identity
Magazine mag1 = em.find(Magazine.class, magId);
Magazine mag2 = em.find(Magazine.class, magId);
assertTrue(mag2 == mag1);

em.getTransaction().begin();

// same persistence context active within the transaction
Magazine mag3 = em.find(Magazine.class, magId);
assertTrue(mag3 == mag1);
Magazine mag4 = em.find(Magazine.class, magId);
assertTrue(mag4 == mag1);

em.getTransaction.commit();

// when the transaction commits, instance still managed
Magazine mag5 = em.find(Magazine.class, magId);
assertTrue(mag5 == mag1);

// instance finally becomes detached when EM closes
em.close();
</programlisting>
            </example>
        </section>
    </section>
    <section id="jpa_overview_emf_properties">
		<title>
			Retrieving Properties Information
		</title>
		<indexterm zone="jpa_overview_emf_properties">
            <primary>
                EntityManagerFactory
            </primary>
            <secondary>
                properties information
            </secondary>
        </indexterm>
        &properties_info.xml;
    </section>
    <section id="jpa_overview_emfactory_close">
        <title>
            Closing the EntityManagerFactory
        </title>
        <indexterm zone="jpa_overview_emfactory_close">
            <primary>
                EntityManagerFactory
            </primary>
            <secondary>
                closing
            </secondary>
        </indexterm>
<programlisting>
public boolean isOpen();
public void close();
</programlisting>
        <para>
<classname>EntityManagerFactory</classname> instances are heavyweight objects.
Each factory might maintain a metadata cache, object state cache, <classname>
EntityManager</classname> pool, connection pool, and more. If your application
no longer needs an <classname>EntityManagerFactory</classname>, you should
close it to free these resources. When an <classname>EntityManagerFactory
</classname> closes, all <classname>EntityManager</classname>s from that
factory, and by extension all entities managed by those <classname>
EntityManager</classname>s, become invalid. Attempting to close an <classname>
EntityManagerFactory</classname> while one or more of its <classname>
EntityManager</classname>s has an active transaction may result in an
<classname>IllegalStateException</classname>.
        </para>
        <para>
Closing an <classname>EntityManagerFactory</classname> should not be taken
lightly. It is much better to keep a factory open for a long period of time than
to repeatedly create and close new factories. Thus, most applications will never
close the factory, or only close it when the application is exiting. Only
applications that require multiple factories with different configurations have
an obvious reason to create and close multiple <classname>EntityManagerFactory
</classname> instances. Once a factory is closed, all methods except
<methodname>isOpen</methodname> throw an <classname>
IllegalStateException</classname>.
        </para>
    </section>


    <section id="jpa_overview_emfactory_puutil">
        <title>
            PersistenceUnitUtil
        </title>
        <indexterm zone="jpa_overview_emfactory_puutil">
            <primary>
                EntityManagerFactory
            </primary>
            <secondary>
                util
            </secondary>
        </indexterm>
<programlisting>
public PersistenceUnitUtil getPersistenceUnitUtil();
</programlisting>
        <para>
The <classname>EntityManagerFactory</classname> method 
<methodname>getPersistenceUnitUtil</methodname> to provide access to a 
<classname>PersistenceUnitUtil</classname> utility. <classname>PersistenceUnitUtil</classname>
can be used to obtain the identity of a managed object and determine the load
state of the entity or one of its attributes.  If the object is not
managed by one of the entity managers created from the entity manager factory 
from which the utility was obtained, the <methodname>getIdentifier</methodname> method will
return null and the <methodname>isLoaded</methodname> methods will return false.
<programlisting>
EntityManagerFactory emf = Persistence.createEntityManagerFactory();
PersistenceUnitUtil puUtil = emf.getPersistenceUnitUtil();

if (puUtil.getIdentifier(deptEntity) == null) {
    throw new Exception("Identity is not valid.");
}
if (!puUtil.isLoaded(deptEntity, "employees")) {
    throw new Exception("Employees not loaded.")
}
</programlisting>
        </para>
    </section>

</chapter>
