ballerinax/jdbc module
Module overview
This module provides the functionality required to access and manipulate data stored in any type of relational database that is accessible via Java Database Connectivity (JDBC).
Client
To access a database, you must first create a client
object. A sample for creating a JDBC client can be found below.
NOTE: Although the JDBC client type supports connecting to any type of relational database that is accessible via JDBC, if you are using a MySQL or H2 database, it is recommended to use clients that are created using the client types specific to them via the relevant Ballerina modules.
Connection pool handling
There are 3 possible scenarios for connection pool handling.
- Global, shareable default connection pool
If you do not provide the
poolOptions
field, a globally shareable pool will be created for your database unless a connection pool matching with the properties you provided already exists.
jdbc:Client testDB = new({
url: "jdbc:mysql://localhost:3306/testdb",
username: "root",
password: "root",
dbOptions: { useSSL: false }
});
- Client owned, unshareable connection pool
If you define the
poolOptions
field inline, an unshareable connection pool will be created.
jdbc:Client testDB = new({
url: "jdbc:mysql://localhost:3306/testdb",
username: "root",
password: "root",
poolOptions: { maximumPoolSize: 5 },
dbOptions: { useSSL: false }
});
- Local shareable connection pool
If you create a record of type
sql:PoolOptions
and reuse that in the configuration of multiple clients, for each set of clients that connect to the same database instance with the same set of properties, a shared connection pool will be created.
jdbc:Client testDB1;
jdbc:Client testDB2;
jdbc:Client testDB3;
sql:PoolOptions poolOptions1 = { maximumPoolSize: 5 };
testDB1 = new({
url: "jdbc:mysql://localhost:3306/testdb1",
username: "root",
password: "root",
poolOptions: poolOptions1,
dbOptions: { useSSL: false }
});
testDB2 = new({
url: "jdbc:mysql://localhost:3306/testdb1",
username: "root",
password: "root",
poolOptions: poolOptions1,
dbOptions: { useSSL: false }
});
testDB3 = new({
url: "jdbc:mysql://localhost:3306/testdb2",
username: "root",
password: "root",
poolOptions: poolOptions1,
dbOptions: { useSSL: false }
});
Database operations
Once the client is created, database operations can be executed through that client. This module provides support for creating tables and executing stored procedures. It also supports selecting, inserting, deleting, updating, and batch updating data. Samples for these operations can be found below. Details of the SQL data types and query parameters relevant for these database operations can be found in the documentation for the SQL module.
Samples
Creating a client
jdbc:Client testDB = new({
url: "jdbc:mysql://localhost:3306/testdb",
username: "root",
password: "root",
dbOptions: { useSSL: false }
});
The full list of client properties can be found listed under the sql:PoolOptions
type, which is located in the
types.bal
file of the SQL module directory.
Creating tables
This sample creates a table with two columns. One column is of type int
, and the other is of type varchar
.
The CREATE statement is executed via the update
remote function of the client.
// Create the ‘Students’ table with fields ‘id’, 'name' and ‘age’.
var returned = testDB->update("CREATE TABLE student(id INT AUTO_INCREMENT, age INT, name VARCHAR(255), PRIMARY KEY (id))");
if (returned is sql:UpdateResult) {
io:println("Students table create status in DB: " + returned.updatedRowCount);
} else {
io:println("Students table creation failed: " + <string>returned.detail().message);
}
Inserting data
This sample shows three examples of data insertion by executing an INSERT statement using the update
remote function of the client.
In the first example, query parameter values are passed directly into the query statement of the update
remote function:
var returned = testDB->update("INSERT INTO student(age, name) values (23, 'john')");
if (returned is sql:UpdateResult) {
io:println("Inserted row count to Students table: " + returned.updatedRowCount);
} else {
io:println("Insert to Students table failed: " + <string>returned.detail().message);
}
In the second example, the parameter values, which are in local variables, are passed directly as parameters to the update
remote function. This direct parameter passing can be done for any primitive Ballerina type like string, int, float, or boolean. The sql type of the parameter is derived from the type of the Ballerina variable that is passed in.
string name = "Anne";
int age = 8;
var returned = testDB->update("INSERT INTO student(age, name) values (?, ?)", age, name);
if (returned is sql:UpdateResult) {
io:println("Inserted row count to Students table: " + returned.updatedRowCount);
} else {
io:println("Insert to Students table failed: " + <string>returned.detail().message);
}
In the third example, parameter values are passed as an sql:Parameter
to the update
remote function. Use sql:Parameter
when you need to provide more details such as the exact SQL type of the parameter, or the parameter direction. The default parameter direction is "IN". For more details on parameters, see the sql
module.
sql:Parameter p1 = { sqlType: sql:TYPE_VARCHAR, value: "James" };
sql:Parameter p2 = { sqlType: sql:TYPE_INTEGER, value: 10 };
var returned = testDB->update("INSERT INTO student(age, name) values (?, ?)", p2, p1);
if (returned is sql:UpdateResult) {
io:println("Inserted row count to Students table: " + returned.updatedRowCount);
} else {
io:println("Insert to Students table failed: " + <string>returned.detail().message);
}
Inserting data with auto-generated keys
This example demonstrates inserting data while returning the auto-generated keys. It achieves this by using the update
remote function to execute the INSERT statement.
int age = 31;
string name = "Kate";
var retWithKey = testDB->update("INSERT INTO student (age, name) values (?, ?)", age, name);
if (retWithKey is sql:UpdateResult) {
int count = retWithKey.updatedRowCount;
int generatedKey = <int>retWithKey.generatedKeys.GENERATED_KEY;
io:println("Inserted row count: " + count);
io:println("Generated key: " + generatedKey);
} else {
io:println("Insert to table failed: " + <string>retWithKey.detail().message);
}
Selecting data
This example demonstrates selecting data. First, a type is created to represent the returned result set. Next, the SELECT query is executed via the select
remote function of the client by passing that result set type. Once the query is executed, each data record can be retrieved by looping the result set. The table returned by the select operation holds a pointer to the actual data in the database and it loads data from the table only when it is accessed. This table can be iterated only once.
// Define a type to represent the results set.
type Student record {
int id;
string name;
int age;
};
// Select the data from the table.
var selectRet = testDB->select("SELECT * FROM student", Student);
if (selectRet is table<Student>) {
// Iterating returned table.
foreach var row in selectRet {
io:println("Student:" + row.id + "|" + row.name + "|" + row.age);
}
} else {
io:println("Select data from student table failed: " + <string>selectRet.detail().message);
}
To re-iterate the same table multiple times, set the loadToMemory
argument to true within the select
remote function.
var selectRet = testDB->select("SELECT * FROM student", Student, loadToMemory = true);
if (selectRet is table<Student>) {
// Iterating data first time.
foreach var row in selectRet {
io:println("Student:" + row.id + "|" + row.name + "|" + row.age);
}
// Iterating data second time.
foreach var row in selectRet {
io:println("Student:" + row.id + "|" + row.name + "|" + row.age);
}
} else {
io:println("Select data from student table failed: " + <string>selectRet.detail().message);
}
Updating data
This example demonstrates modifying data by executing an UPDATE statement via the update
remote function of the client
var returned = testDB->update("UPDATE student SET name = 'Jones' WHERE age = ?", 23);
if (returned is sql:UpdateResult) {
io:println("Updated row count in Students table: " + returned.updatedRowCount);
} else {
io:println("Insert to Students table failed: " + <string>returned.detail().message);
}
Batch updating data
This example demonstrates how to insert multiple records with a single INSERT statement that is executed via the batchUpdate
remote function of the client. This is done by first creating multiple parameter arrays, each representing a single record, and then passing those arrays to the batchUpdate
operation. Similarly, multiple UPDATE statements can also be executed via batchUpdate
.
// Create the first batch of parameters.
sql:Parameter para1 = { sqlType: sql:TYPE_VARCHAR, value: "Alex" };
sql:Parameter para2 = { sqlType: sql:TYPE_INTEGER, value: 12 };
sql:Parameter[] parameters1 = [para1, para2];
// Create the second batch of parameters.
sql:Parameter para3 = { sqlType: sql:TYPE_VARCHAR, value: "Peter" };
sql:Parameter para4 = { sqlType: sql:TYPE_INTEGER, value: 6 };
sql:Parameter[] parameters2 = [para3, para4];
// Do the batch update by passing the batches.
var retBatch = testDB->batchUpdate("INSERT INTO Students(name, age) values (?, ?)", parameters1, parameters2);
if (retBatch is int[]) {
io:println("Batch item 1 update count: " + retBatch[0]);
io:println("Batch item 2 update count: " + retBatch[1]);
} else {
io:println("Batch update operation failed: " + <string>retBatch.detail().message);
}
Calling stored procedures
The following examples demonstrate executing stored procedures via the call
remote function of the client.
The first example shows how to create and call a simple stored procedure that inserts data.
// Create the stored procedure.
var returned = testDB->update("CREATE PROCEDURE INSERTDATA (IN pName VARCHAR(255), IN pAge INT)
BEGIN
INSERT INTO Students(name, age) values (pName, pAge);
END");
if (returned is sql:UpdateResult) {
io:println("Stored proc creation status: : " + returned.updatedRowCount);
} else {
io:println("Stored proc creation failed: " + <string>returned.detail().message);
}
// Call the stored procedure.
var retCall = testDB->call("{CALL INSERTDATA(?,?)}", (), "George", 15);
if (retCall is ()|table<record {}>[]) {
io:println("Call operation successful");
} else {
io:println("Stored procedure call failed: " + <string>retCall.detail().message);
}
This next example shows how to create and call a stored procedure that accepts INOUT
and OUT
parameters.
// Create the stored procedure.
var returned = testDB->update("CREATE PROCEDURE GETCOUNT (INOUT pID INT, OUT pCount INT)
BEGIN
SELECT COUNT(*) INTO pID FROM Students WHERE id = pID;
SELECT COUNT(*) INTO pCount FROM Students WHERE id = 2;
END");
if (returned is sql:UpdateResult) {
io:println("Stored proc creation status: : " + returned.updatedRowCount);
} else {
io:println("Stored procedure creation failed: " + <string>returned.detail().message);
}
// Call the stored procedure.
sql:Parameter param1 = { sqlType: sql:TYPE_INTEGER, value: 3, direction: sql:DIRECTION_INOUT };
sql:Parameter param2 = { sqlType: sql:TYPE_INTEGER, direction: sql:DIRECTION_OUT };
var retCall = testDB->call("{CALL GETCOUNT(?,?)}", (), param1, param2);
if (retCall is ()|table<record {}>[]) {
io:println("Call operation successful");
io:print("Student count with ID = 3: ");
io:println(param1.value);
io:print("Student count with ID = 2: ");
io:println(param2.value);
} else {
io:println("Stored procedure call failed: " + <string>retCall.detail().message);
}
Module Detail
Records
Record | Description |
---|---|
ClientEndpointConfig | The Client endpoint configuration for SQL databases. |
Endpoints
Endpoint | Description |
---|---|
Client | Represents a JDBC SQL client endpoint. |
public type ClientEndpointConfig
The Client endpoint configuration for SQL databases.
Field Name | Data Type | Default Value | Description |
---|---|---|---|
url | string | URL of the database to connect |
|
username | string | Username for the database connection |
|
password | string | Password for the database connection |
|
poolOptions | sql:PoolOptions | Properties for the connection pool configuration. Refer |
|
dbOptions | map | {} | A map of DB specific properties. These properties will have an effect only if the dataSourceClassName is provided in poolOptions |
Endpoint Client
Represents a JDBC SQL client endpoint.
-
<Client> call(string sqlQuery, typedesc[]? recordType, string|int|boolean|float|decimal|byte[][]|sql:Parameter? parameters) returns (table<$anonType$0>[]|null|error<>)
The call remote function implementation for JDBC Client to invoke stored procedures/functions.
Parameter Name Data Type Default Value Description sqlQuery string The SQL stored procedure to execute
recordType typedesc[]? Array of record types of the returned tables if there is any
parameters string|int|boolean|float|decimal|byte[][]|sql:Parameter? The parameters to be passed to the procedure/function call. The number of parameters is variable
Return Type Description table<$anonType$0>[]|null|error<> A
table[]
if there are tables returned by the call action and else nil,error
will be returned if there is any error -
<Client> select(string sqlQuery, typedesc? recordType, boolean loadToMemory, string|int|boolean|float|decimal|byte[][]|sql:Parameter? parameters) returns (table<$anonType$1>|error<>)
The select remote function implementation for JDBC Client to select data from tables.
Parameter Name Data Type Default Value Description sqlQuery string SQL query to execute
recordType typedesc? Type of the returned table
loadToMemory boolean false Indicates whether to load the retrieved data to memory or not
parameters string|int|boolean|float|decimal|byte[][]|sql:Parameter? The parameters to be passed to the select query. The number of parameters is variable
Return Type Description table<$anonType$1>|error<> A
table
returned by the sql query statement elseerror
will be returned if there is any error -
<Client> update(string sqlQuery, string[]? keyColumns, string|int|boolean|float|decimal|byte[][]|sql:Parameter? parameters) returns (sql:UpdateResult|error<>)
The update remote function implementation for JDBC Client to update data and schema of the database.
Parameter Name Data Type Default Value Description sqlQuery string SQL statement to execute
keyColumns string[]? () Names of auto generated columns for which the auto generated key values are returned
parameters string|int|boolean|float|decimal|byte[][]|sql:Parameter? The parameters to be passed to the update query. The number of parameters is variable
Return Type Description sql:UpdateResult|error<> sql:UpdateResult
with the updated row count and key column values, elseerror
will be returned if there is any error -
<Client> batchUpdate(string sqlQuery, string|int|boolean|float|decimal|byte[][][]|sql:Parameter? parameters) returns (int[]|error<>)
The batchUpdate remote function implementation for JDBC Client to batch data insert.
Parameter Name Data Type Default Value Description sqlQuery string SQL statement to execute
parameters string|int|boolean|float|decimal|byte[][][]|sql:Parameter? Variable number of parameter arrays each representing the set of parameters of belonging to each individual update
Return Type Description int[]|error<> An
int[]
- The elements in the array returned by the remote function may be one of the following or else anerror
will be returned if there is any error. A number greater than or equal to zero - indicates that the command was processed successfully and is an update count giving the number of rows A value of -2 - Indicates that the command was processed successfully but that the number of rows affected is unknown A value of -3 - Indicates that the command failed to execute successfully and occurs only if a driver continues to process commands after a command fails